Zachary Meehan and Fred Shaffer systematically reviewed 11 inhalation-to-exhalation (I/E) ratio HRV studies using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. They describe two Truman State University Center for Applied Psychophysiology experiments that addressed methodological flaws in previous I/E research. They concluded that although longer I/E ratios do not reliably increase HRV, they may be desirable for other reasons.
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Zachary Meehan and Fred Shaffer are pictured below.
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